Rigorous experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations of case management programs in North America show that:

1. When combined with other supports, case management programs can reduce homelessness and may improve health outcomes.
2. Limited research suggests that case management alone is likely insufficient to impact housing outcomes.
3. Critical Time Intervention has been shown to have positive impacts on housing outcomes, highlighting the importance of timing, dosage, and targeting.

However, evidence on the cost effectiveness of case management programs is mixed. 

Rigorous experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations of Housing First programs in North America show that:

1. Housing First consistently improves recipients’ housing-related outcomes, 
2. Housing First may have positive impacts on other parts of people's lives, and
3. Housing First is a viable solution for individuals who are experiencing both homelessness and substance use disorders.

Furthermore, limited cost-effectiveness analysis finds that most of the costs of Housing First are offset by cost savings in other areas (e.g., housing services, jail, health care).

Rigorous experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations of Housing Vouchers in North America show that:

1. Vouchers improve recipient’s housing outcomes.
2. Targeted programs that combine vouchers with supportive services can reduce homelessness among specific populations with acute needs.
3. Long term, vouchers can improve intergenerational economic mobility by enabling recipients to move to neighborhoods with greater opportunities.

Researchers found that for each additional day housed, Housing and Urban Development-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) vouchers—which include supportive services—cost US$45 more than standard care.