Evaluation
Researchers introduced a digital payment system in Senegal's informal taxi sector to investigate how digital payments affected drivers' cash-handling costs and how allowing employers different levels of access to drivers' transactions affected driver effort, employment contracts, and the use of digital payments. Digital payments substantially reduced drivers' cash-handling costs—cutting frictions like time spent seeking small change and lost customers by about half—and drivers valued the technology highly. When transactions were also visible to owners, contracts strengthened: drivers worked harder, defaults fell, and turnover declined. But this added transparency deterred lower-income and lower-performing drivers from adopting in the first place.