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Rates of Return to Fertilizer: Evidence from Field Experiments in Kenya

Esther Duflo
Michael Kremer
Jon Robinson
Researchers in Kenya collaborated with the NGO International Child Support to measure the returns to different types of fertilizer among local farmers. While results show that all interventions led to increases in yield, rate-of-return calculations indicate that not all were profitable for the...
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Insurance, Credit and Technology Adoption in Malawi

Xavier Giné
Dean Yang
In Malawi, researchers examined the effect of bundling rainfall index insurance with a credit program on farmers’ demand for credit. They found that bundling insurance with credit reduced the demand for credit, from 33 percent for credit alone to 17.6 percent for the bundled product.
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Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Experimental Evidence from Kenya

Esther Duflo
Michael Kremer
Jonathan Robinson